return usecs;
 }
 
-static void snd_pcm_set_state(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream, int state)
+static void snd_pcm_set_state(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream,
+                             snd_pcm_state_t state)
 {
        snd_pcm_stream_lock_irq(substream);
        if (substream->runtime->status->state != SNDRV_PCM_STATE_DISCONNECTED)
        runtime->trigger_master = NULL;
 }
 
+#define ACTION_ARG_IGNORE      (__force snd_pcm_state_t)0
+
 struct action_ops {
-       int (*pre_action)(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream, int state);
-       int (*do_action)(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream, int state);
-       void (*undo_action)(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream, int state);
-       void (*post_action)(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream, int state);
+       int (*pre_action)(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream,
+                         snd_pcm_state_t state);
+       int (*do_action)(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream,
+                        snd_pcm_state_t state);
+       void (*undo_action)(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream,
+                           snd_pcm_state_t state);
+       void (*post_action)(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream,
+                           snd_pcm_state_t state);
 };
 
 /*
  */
 static int snd_pcm_action_group(const struct action_ops *ops,
                                struct snd_pcm_substream *substream,
-                               int state, int do_lock)
+                               snd_pcm_state_t state,
+                               bool do_lock)
 {
        struct snd_pcm_substream *s = NULL;
        struct snd_pcm_substream *s1;
  */
 static int snd_pcm_action_single(const struct action_ops *ops,
                                 struct snd_pcm_substream *substream,
-                                int state)
+                                snd_pcm_state_t state)
 {
        int res;
        
  */
 static int snd_pcm_action(const struct action_ops *ops,
                          struct snd_pcm_substream *substream,
-                         int state)
+                         snd_pcm_state_t state)
 {
        struct snd_pcm_group *group;
        int res;
 
        group = snd_pcm_stream_group_ref(substream);
        if (group)
-               res = snd_pcm_action_group(ops, substream, state, 1);
+               res = snd_pcm_action_group(ops, substream, state, true);
        else
                res = snd_pcm_action_single(ops, substream, state);
        snd_pcm_group_unref(group, substream);
  */
 static int snd_pcm_action_lock_irq(const struct action_ops *ops,
                                   struct snd_pcm_substream *substream,
-                                  int state)
+                                  snd_pcm_state_t state)
 {
        int res;
 
  */
 static int snd_pcm_action_nonatomic(const struct action_ops *ops,
                                    struct snd_pcm_substream *substream,
-                                   int state)
+                                   snd_pcm_state_t state)
 {
        int res;
 
        /* Guarantee the group members won't change during non-atomic action */
        down_read(&snd_pcm_link_rwsem);
        if (snd_pcm_stream_linked(substream))
-               res = snd_pcm_action_group(ops, substream, state, 0);
+               res = snd_pcm_action_group(ops, substream, state, false);
        else
                res = snd_pcm_action_single(ops, substream, state);
        up_read(&snd_pcm_link_rwsem);
 /*
  * start callbacks
  */
-static int snd_pcm_pre_start(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream, int state)
+static int snd_pcm_pre_start(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream,
+                            snd_pcm_state_t state)
 {
        struct snd_pcm_runtime *runtime = substream->runtime;
        if (runtime->status->state != SNDRV_PCM_STATE_PREPARED)
        return 0;
 }
 
-static int snd_pcm_do_start(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream, int state)
+static int snd_pcm_do_start(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream,
+                           snd_pcm_state_t state)
 {
        if (substream->runtime->trigger_master != substream)
                return 0;
        return substream->ops->trigger(substream, SNDRV_PCM_TRIGGER_START);
 }
 
-static void snd_pcm_undo_start(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream, int state)
+static void snd_pcm_undo_start(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream,
+                              snd_pcm_state_t state)
 {
        if (substream->runtime->trigger_master == substream)
                substream->ops->trigger(substream, SNDRV_PCM_TRIGGER_STOP);
 }
 
-static void snd_pcm_post_start(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream, int state)
+static void snd_pcm_post_start(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream,
+                              snd_pcm_state_t state)
 {
        struct snd_pcm_runtime *runtime = substream->runtime;
        snd_pcm_trigger_tstamp(substream);
 /*
  * stop callbacks
  */
-static int snd_pcm_pre_stop(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream, int state)
+static int snd_pcm_pre_stop(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream,
+                           snd_pcm_state_t state)
 {
        struct snd_pcm_runtime *runtime = substream->runtime;
        if (runtime->status->state == SNDRV_PCM_STATE_OPEN)
        return 0;
 }
 
-static int snd_pcm_do_stop(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream, int state)
+static int snd_pcm_do_stop(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream,
+                          snd_pcm_state_t state)
 {
        if (substream->runtime->trigger_master == substream &&
            snd_pcm_running(substream))
        return 0; /* unconditonally stop all substreams */
 }
 
-static void snd_pcm_post_stop(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream, int state)
+static void snd_pcm_post_stop(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream,
+                             snd_pcm_state_t state)
 {
        struct snd_pcm_runtime *runtime = substream->runtime;
        if (runtime->status->state != state) {
 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(snd_pcm_stop_xrun);
 
 /*
- * pause callbacks
+ * pause callbacks: pass boolean (to start pause or resume) as state argument
  */
-static int snd_pcm_pre_pause(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream, int push)
+#define pause_pushed(state)    (__force bool)(state)
+
+static int snd_pcm_pre_pause(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream,
+                            snd_pcm_state_t state)
 {
        struct snd_pcm_runtime *runtime = substream->runtime;
        if (!(runtime->info & SNDRV_PCM_INFO_PAUSE))
                return -ENOSYS;
-       if (push) {
+       if (pause_pushed(state)) {
                if (runtime->status->state != SNDRV_PCM_STATE_RUNNING)
                        return -EBADFD;
        } else if (runtime->status->state != SNDRV_PCM_STATE_PAUSED)
        return 0;
 }
 
-static int snd_pcm_do_pause(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream, int push)
+static int snd_pcm_do_pause(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream,
+                           snd_pcm_state_t state)
 {
        if (substream->runtime->trigger_master != substream)
                return 0;
        /* some drivers might use hw_ptr to recover from the pause -
           update the hw_ptr now */
-       if (push)
+       if (pause_pushed(state))
                snd_pcm_update_hw_ptr(substream);
        /* The jiffies check in snd_pcm_update_hw_ptr*() is done by
         * a delta between the current jiffies, this gives a large enough
         */
        substream->runtime->hw_ptr_jiffies = jiffies - HZ * 1000;
        return substream->ops->trigger(substream,
-                                      push ? SNDRV_PCM_TRIGGER_PAUSE_PUSH :
-                                             SNDRV_PCM_TRIGGER_PAUSE_RELEASE);
+                                      pause_pushed(state) ?
+                                      SNDRV_PCM_TRIGGER_PAUSE_PUSH :
+                                      SNDRV_PCM_TRIGGER_PAUSE_RELEASE);
 }
 
-static void snd_pcm_undo_pause(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream, int push)
+static void snd_pcm_undo_pause(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream,
+                              snd_pcm_state_t state)
 {
        if (substream->runtime->trigger_master == substream)
                substream->ops->trigger(substream,
-                                       push ? SNDRV_PCM_TRIGGER_PAUSE_RELEASE :
+                                       pause_pushed(state) ?
+                                       SNDRV_PCM_TRIGGER_PAUSE_RELEASE :
                                        SNDRV_PCM_TRIGGER_PAUSE_PUSH);
 }
 
-static void snd_pcm_post_pause(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream, int push)
+static void snd_pcm_post_pause(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream,
+                              snd_pcm_state_t state)
 {
        struct snd_pcm_runtime *runtime = substream->runtime;
        snd_pcm_trigger_tstamp(substream);
-       if (push) {
+       if (pause_pushed(state)) {
                runtime->status->state = SNDRV_PCM_STATE_PAUSED;
                snd_pcm_timer_notify(substream, SNDRV_TIMER_EVENT_MPAUSE);
                wake_up(&runtime->sleep);
 /*
  * Push/release the pause for all linked streams.
  */
-static int snd_pcm_pause(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream, int push)
+static int snd_pcm_pause(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream, bool push)
 {
-       return snd_pcm_action(&snd_pcm_action_pause, substream, push);
+       return snd_pcm_action(&snd_pcm_action_pause, substream,
+                             (__force snd_pcm_state_t)push);
+}
+
+static int snd_pcm_pause_lock_irq(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream,
+                                 bool push)
+{
+       return snd_pcm_action_lock_irq(&snd_pcm_action_pause, substream,
+                                      (__force snd_pcm_state_t)push);
 }
 
 #ifdef CONFIG_PM
-/* suspend */
+/* suspend callback: state argument ignored */
 
-static int snd_pcm_pre_suspend(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream, int state)
+static int snd_pcm_pre_suspend(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream,
+                              snd_pcm_state_t state)
 {
        struct snd_pcm_runtime *runtime = substream->runtime;
        switch (runtime->status->state) {
        return 0;
 }
 
-static int snd_pcm_do_suspend(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream, int state)
+static int snd_pcm_do_suspend(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream,
+                             snd_pcm_state_t state)
 {
        struct snd_pcm_runtime *runtime = substream->runtime;
        if (runtime->trigger_master != substream)
        return 0; /* suspend unconditionally */
 }
 
-static void snd_pcm_post_suspend(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream, int state)
+static void snd_pcm_post_suspend(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream,
+                                snd_pcm_state_t state)
 {
        struct snd_pcm_runtime *runtime = substream->runtime;
        snd_pcm_trigger_tstamp(substream);
        unsigned long flags;
 
        snd_pcm_stream_lock_irqsave(substream, flags);
-       err = snd_pcm_action(&snd_pcm_action_suspend, substream, 0);
+       err = snd_pcm_action(&snd_pcm_action_suspend, substream,
+                            ACTION_ARG_IGNORE);
        snd_pcm_stream_unlock_irqrestore(substream, flags);
        return err;
 }
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(snd_pcm_suspend_all);
 
-/* resume */
+/* resume callbacks: state argument ignored */
 
-static int snd_pcm_pre_resume(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream, int state)
+static int snd_pcm_pre_resume(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream,
+                             snd_pcm_state_t state)
 {
        struct snd_pcm_runtime *runtime = substream->runtime;
        if (!(runtime->info & SNDRV_PCM_INFO_RESUME))
        return 0;
 }
 
-static int snd_pcm_do_resume(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream, int state)
+static int snd_pcm_do_resume(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream,
+                            snd_pcm_state_t state)
 {
        struct snd_pcm_runtime *runtime = substream->runtime;
        if (runtime->trigger_master != substream)
        return substream->ops->trigger(substream, SNDRV_PCM_TRIGGER_RESUME);
 }
 
-static void snd_pcm_undo_resume(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream, int state)
+static void snd_pcm_undo_resume(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream,
+                               snd_pcm_state_t state)
 {
        if (substream->runtime->trigger_master == substream &&
            snd_pcm_running(substream))
                substream->ops->trigger(substream, SNDRV_PCM_TRIGGER_SUSPEND);
 }
 
-static void snd_pcm_post_resume(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream, int state)
+static void snd_pcm_post_resume(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream,
+                               snd_pcm_state_t state)
 {
        struct snd_pcm_runtime *runtime = substream->runtime;
        snd_pcm_trigger_tstamp(substream);
 
 static int snd_pcm_resume(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream)
 {
-       return snd_pcm_action_lock_irq(&snd_pcm_action_resume, substream, 0);
+       return snd_pcm_action_lock_irq(&snd_pcm_action_resume, substream,
+                                      ACTION_ARG_IGNORE);
 }
 
 #else
 /*
  * reset ioctl
  */
-static int snd_pcm_pre_reset(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream, int state)
+/* reset callbacks:  state argument ignored */
+static int snd_pcm_pre_reset(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream,
+                            snd_pcm_state_t state)
 {
        struct snd_pcm_runtime *runtime = substream->runtime;
        switch (runtime->status->state) {
        }
 }
 
-static int snd_pcm_do_reset(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream, int state)
+static int snd_pcm_do_reset(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream,
+                           snd_pcm_state_t state)
 {
        struct snd_pcm_runtime *runtime = substream->runtime;
        int err = snd_pcm_ops_ioctl(substream, SNDRV_PCM_IOCTL1_RESET, NULL);
        return 0;
 }
 
-static void snd_pcm_post_reset(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream, int state)
+static void snd_pcm_post_reset(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream,
+                              snd_pcm_state_t state)
 {
        struct snd_pcm_runtime *runtime = substream->runtime;
        runtime->control->appl_ptr = runtime->status->hw_ptr;
 
 static int snd_pcm_reset(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream)
 {
-       return snd_pcm_action_nonatomic(&snd_pcm_action_reset, substream, 0);
+       return snd_pcm_action_nonatomic(&snd_pcm_action_reset, substream,
+                                       ACTION_ARG_IGNORE);
 }
 
 /*
  * prepare ioctl
  */
-/* we use the second argument for updating f_flags */
+/* pass f_flags as state argument */
 static int snd_pcm_pre_prepare(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream,
-                              int f_flags)
+                              snd_pcm_state_t state)
 {
        struct snd_pcm_runtime *runtime = substream->runtime;
+       int f_flags = (__force int)state;
+
        if (runtime->status->state == SNDRV_PCM_STATE_OPEN ||
            runtime->status->state == SNDRV_PCM_STATE_DISCONNECTED)
                return -EBADFD;
        return 0;
 }
 
-static int snd_pcm_do_prepare(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream, int state)
+static int snd_pcm_do_prepare(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream,
+                             snd_pcm_state_t state)
 {
        int err;
        snd_pcm_sync_stop(substream);
        err = substream->ops->prepare(substream);
        if (err < 0)
                return err;
-       return snd_pcm_do_reset(substream, 0);
+       return snd_pcm_do_reset(substream, state);
 }
 
-static void snd_pcm_post_prepare(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream, int state)
+static void snd_pcm_post_prepare(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream,
+                                snd_pcm_state_t state)
 {
        struct snd_pcm_runtime *runtime = substream->runtime;
        runtime->control->appl_ptr = runtime->status->hw_ptr;
        snd_pcm_stream_lock_irq(substream);
        switch (substream->runtime->status->state) {
        case SNDRV_PCM_STATE_PAUSED:
-               snd_pcm_pause(substream, 0);
+               snd_pcm_pause(substream, false);
                /* fallthru */
        case SNDRV_PCM_STATE_SUSPENDED:
                snd_pcm_stop(substream, SNDRV_PCM_STATE_SETUP);
        snd_pcm_stream_unlock_irq(substream);
 
        return snd_pcm_action_nonatomic(&snd_pcm_action_prepare,
-                                       substream, f_flags);
+                                       substream,
+                                       (__force snd_pcm_state_t)f_flags);
 }
 
 /*
  * drain ioctl
  */
 
-static int snd_pcm_pre_drain_init(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream, int state)
+/* drain init callbacks: state argument ignored */
+static int snd_pcm_pre_drain_init(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream,
+                                 snd_pcm_state_t state)
 {
        struct snd_pcm_runtime *runtime = substream->runtime;
        switch (runtime->status->state) {
        return 0;
 }
 
-static int snd_pcm_do_drain_init(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream, int state)
+static int snd_pcm_do_drain_init(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream,
+                                snd_pcm_state_t state)
 {
        struct snd_pcm_runtime *runtime = substream->runtime;
        if (substream->stream == SNDRV_PCM_STREAM_PLAYBACK) {
        } else {
                /* stop running stream */
                if (runtime->status->state == SNDRV_PCM_STATE_RUNNING) {
-                       int new_state = snd_pcm_capture_avail(runtime) > 0 ?
+                       snd_pcm_state_t new_state;
+
+                       new_state = snd_pcm_capture_avail(runtime) > 0 ?
                                SNDRV_PCM_STATE_DRAINING : SNDRV_PCM_STATE_SETUP;
                        snd_pcm_do_stop(substream, new_state);
                        snd_pcm_post_stop(substream, new_state);
        return 0;
 }
 
-static void snd_pcm_post_drain_init(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream, int state)
+static void snd_pcm_post_drain_init(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream,
+                                   snd_pcm_state_t state)
 {
 }
 
        snd_pcm_stream_lock_irq(substream);
        /* resume pause */
        if (runtime->status->state == SNDRV_PCM_STATE_PAUSED)
-               snd_pcm_pause(substream, 0);
+               snd_pcm_pause(substream, false);
 
        /* pre-start/stop - all running streams are changed to DRAINING state */
-       result = snd_pcm_action(&snd_pcm_action_drain_init, substream, 0);
+       result = snd_pcm_action(&snd_pcm_action_drain_init, substream,
+                               ACTION_ARG_IGNORE);
        if (result < 0)
                goto unlock;
        /* in non-blocking, we don't wait in ioctl but let caller poll */
        snd_pcm_stream_lock_irq(substream);
        /* resume pause */
        if (runtime->status->state == SNDRV_PCM_STATE_PAUSED)
-               snd_pcm_pause(substream, 0);
+               snd_pcm_pause(substream, false);
 
        snd_pcm_stop(substream, SNDRV_PCM_STATE_SETUP);
        /* runtime->control->appl_ptr = runtime->status->hw_ptr; */
 }
 
 struct snd_pcm_mmap_status32 {
-       s32 state;
+       snd_pcm_state_t state;
        s32 pad1;
        u32 hw_ptr;
        s32 tstamp_sec;
        s32 tstamp_nsec;
-       s32 suspended_state;
+       snd_pcm_state_t suspended_state;
        s32 audio_tstamp_sec;
        s32 audio_tstamp_nsec;
 } __attribute__((packed));
        case SNDRV_PCM_IOCTL_DROP:
                return snd_pcm_drop(substream);
        case SNDRV_PCM_IOCTL_PAUSE:
-               return snd_pcm_action_lock_irq(&snd_pcm_action_pause,
-                                              substream,
-                                              (int)(unsigned long)arg);
+               return snd_pcm_pause_lock_irq(substream, (unsigned long)arg);
        case SNDRV_PCM_IOCTL_WRITEI_FRAMES:
        case SNDRV_PCM_IOCTL_READI_FRAMES:
                return snd_pcm_xferi_frames_ioctl(substream, arg);